2017) or admixture with a huntergatherer group who later gave rise to contemporary San (Wang et al. During the last few centuries, European colonization of the Cape by the Dutch, Germans, and French, later followed by British seizure and rule, contributed to the complex admixture patterns at the Western Cape. 1. 2017; Novkov et al. 2019). 2013; Chimusa et al. 2013). 2020). 2020). Substantial copy number variation of salivary amylase genes exists in African and non-African populations, with most humans having between 2 and 15 copies. Note that these tests do not definitively establish admixture between specific populationsthe actual historical gene flow may have involved other related populations. A direct link between Afro-Asiaticspeaking eastern African (i.e., Amhara- or Oromo-related ancestry) and southern African pastoralists has been established by showing that a 1,200-year-old individual from southern Africa, who has genetic similarities with modern Khoekhoe-speaking pastoralist groups (e.g., the Nama), traces 40% of their ancestry to a Eurasian admixed group related to a 3,100-year-old pastoralist individual from Luxmanda, Tanzania (Skoglund et al. This East African LP single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (14010G > C) is distinct from the European LP SNP (1391 C > T) and is rare in southern African Bantu-speaking groups (Breton et al. 1. I specialize in engaging life science R&D and IT professionals, and introducing them to high Similar distributions of mtDNA and Y haplogroups were observed from whole genome sequencing data of a small group of SAC males from the Western Cape region (Choudhury et al. 2017). 2012; Choudhury et al. Furthermore, the genomic signatures of more recent admixture can be found in the Cape Peninsula and throughout the African diaspora. In the last decade, the importance of studying genetic variation in Africa has become more appreciated, and a heap of genetic studies of contemporary and ancient individuals has revealed complex population structure and history in Africa, complementing archeological and linguistic studies (e.g., Tishkoff et al. 2020). 2012; Mallick et al. 2010; Patterson et al. Just because you are west african doesn't mean you'll have great bodybuilding genetics (i'm literally proof of that) and just because you are south asian or east african etc doesn't mean you'll have bad bodybuilding genetics.In tropical forests, For instance, Ragsdale et al. 2012). 2022). 2021). 2015; Mallick et al. They need to maintain their body temperature by keeping warm. (2017), Crawford et al. The Author(s) 2023. 2017). 2018; Sirugo et al. This gives them remarkable elasticity in their skin, which allows the skin to react to the strain. Many scientists have also proved this result. 2017; Sengupta et al. Note that we tried to refer to populations according to current naming conventions, and when we refer to admixture between specific populations, this does not necessarily imply the mixing of these exact populations, but rather the mixing of genetically similar populations. Some of them still need a lot of physical and/or athletic skills. Their diet mainly consists of fish, crustaceans, and seals. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2009; Auton et al. A little less than 1% of Afrikaner genes have an East Asian (Chinese or Japanese) origin. 2016; Vicente, Priehodov, et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2014; Lipson et al. The design of this figure was inspired by Schlebusch et al. Arid desert environments also present an evolutionary challenge in Africa. Watch popular content from the following creators: John O(@naijaboyjohn), 2014). Choudhury A, Sengupta D, Ramsay M, Schlebusch C. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J. Hamid I, Korunes KL, Beleza S, Goldberg A. A central premise of precision medicine is that ancestral variation plays a key role in disease processes. Also will I make faster progress if i start hitting the gym consistently ? We start with discussing admixture events in the deeper past and move to admixture events closer to the present day. West African - Overall ideal genetics for MMA, Football, Basketball, Bodybuilding, Stregnth, 2012; Breton et al. 2022). For these reasons, assuming regional population continuity, it has been argued for a southern African origin of modern humans (Henn et al. 2018), whereas methods leveraging LD patterns yielded estimates <1 kya (Patin et al. 2023). And I don't give a DAMN about your genetics, the bogus supplements you took in the past. All these characteristics influence their muscle development, How to Reduce Face Fat by Exercise With Tips And Tricks, Does Running Make You Taller Full Guide 2023, Amla Benefits for Skin and Hair Many Problems One Solution, Why Am I So Sleepy In Winter 8 Reasons You Should Be Know, Hair Care Routine In Winter 14 Tips For Upgrading Your Hair Care, 7 Days Best Diet Plan For Weight Gain- For Men and Women, How East Africans Have Good Genetics for Muscle Building, 10 Ways How To Set And Achieve Fitness Goals For 2022. 2014). 2015). This is one advantage because they have more options of what to eat. Iron AgeThe period of time during human prehistory when people began making tools from iron and steel, extending from 4 to 1.5 kya in Africa. 4A). 2016; Patin et al. Thus, there were ample opportunities for admixture between modern humans and archaic hominins. They differ in their amount of Neanderthal DNA as well The peoples of the Middle East: 'Peace panel' from the Sumerian city of Ur. 2018). 2022). During this time, slaves were trade by the Dutch East India Company from East Africa, Madagascar and surrounding islands, India, and Indonesia, leading to settlerslave admixture, including indigenous Khoe-San people (de Wit et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2). 2019). We then discuss how this population structure was shaped by archaic and recent admixture, moving from the deeper past to more recent times. 2021). 4C). Notably, these three ancestry components correlate with geography but not linguistics or present-day subsistence strategy. However, evidence supporting additional admixture events with unknown archaic homininsthe so-called archaic ghost populationswithin Africa is also mounting (Lorente-Galdos et al. At K = 2, African-like and European-like ancestry cluster separately, and at K = 3, a Khoe-San component appears. Fine-mappingThe processes of refining the location of trait-associated variants in the genomic region of interest to identify likely causal variants based on association statistics and linkage disequilibrium patterns. The first evidence for archaic ghost introgression in Africa was obtained by applying S*an approach that searches for highly divergent haplotypesto African populations (Plagnol and Wall 2006). (C) Extensive admixture between Sahelian populations with European groups in the West and Middle Eastern groups in the East, but only limited gene flow among Sahelian populations. 2019; Wall et al. First, we give a brief overview of genetic variation in Africa and examine deep population structure within Africa, including the evidence of ancient introgression from archaic ghost populations. This suggests that the introgressing archaic ghost lineage diverged approximately at the same time from the modern human lineage as Neanderthals (Lachance et al. Divergence times are based on estimates from Schlebusch et al. The Khoe-San are basal to all other human lineages with an estimated divergence time of 300200 kya (Schlebusch et al. 2023). 4A; Prendergast et al. 2017; Skoglund et al. found that the East African LP allele is largely absent from ancient pastoralist individuals from Kenya and Tanzania, indicating that east African pastoralists were lactose intolerant as recently as 31 kya (Prendergast et al. The dominance of East African runners in marathons (especially Kenyans and Ethiopians) led people to assume a genetic predisposition (Pitsiladis, Onywera, By sampling the petrous bone (), we sequenced the genome of a male from Mota Cave (herein referred to as Mota) in the southern Ethiopian highlands, with a mean coverage of 12.5 ().Contamination was By contrast, genetic studies are uniquely equipped to identify large-scale demic movements (e.g., Tishkoff et al. Nowadays, this region is inhabited by populations practicing one of two main subsistence strategies, tracing their origin to the Early Holocene (10 kya) (Pereira et al. For a more granular review of the demographic histories in light of the transatlantic slave trade of admixed population in the Americas, see Fortes-Lima and Verdu (2021). 2022). 2017). 2016; Norris et al. 2017). Genetic analyses generally revealed weak population structure, with most of the variation found within groups rather than between groups (kov et al. Although these populations are traditional foragers, some Khoe-San groups have recently adopted (agro-)pastoralist lifestyle. Lucas-Snchez M, Font-Porterias N, Calafell F, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Comas D. Lucas-Snchez M, Serradell JM, Comas D. Marcus J, Ha W, Barber RF, Novembre J. Martin AR, Teferra S, Mller M, Hoal EG, Daly MJ. 2014; Macholdt et al. The study, which documented nearly 1 million genetic variants among more than 1,000 individuals, unveiled genetic differences as extensive as the variations between some Europeans and Asians, indicating populations that have been isolated for hundreds to thousands of years. Altogether, these examples illustrate that the heterogeneous admixture histories of African populations are important considerations in biomedical studies and an in-depth understanding of population genetics allows for improved functional annotation that may inform treatment options. (2017), who estimated that admixture between Bantu speakers and eastern African pastoralists occurred 800400 years ago, but are in agreement with 71% Bantu-related ancestry in an ancient Iron Age individual dated to 1,160 years ago from the Rift Valley in Kenya (Prendergast et al. Benchling. 2021). The lack of diversity in study cohorts also extends to genomic scientists. 2009; Lachance et al. as we all know, africans rule when it comes to genetics, it gets no better, either in bodybuilding or sports. 2014; Schlebusch et al. Africa exhibits vast cultural and linguistic diversity, including a wide range of subsistence strategies and 2,000 spoken languages. 2021) workflow implementing data harmonization and preprocessing as well as ADMIXTURE and FEEMS analyses, including corresponding figures (figs. However, the possibility of archaic ghost admixture is also supported by fossil records from across Africa, indicating that modern humans spatially and temporally overlapped with hominins exhibiting archaic features (Harvati et al. An intriguing example is EPHB1, an ephrin receptor at sites of osteogenesis. Approximately 5,000-year-old Early Neolithic individuals from Ifri nAmr or Moussa, Morocco, show high genetic affinity to the Taforalt individuals, suggesting population continuity between the Paleolithic and Early Neolithic (Fregel et al. These are some genes I saw on here that carry an advantage 2012). Concurrently, African populations experienced declines in Ne while maintaining consistently larger Ne than non-African populations (Auton et al. 2020). 2020). 2019; Bergstrm et al. 2017). 2009), respectively. Specifically, the Khoe-San exhibit the highest genetic diversity of all human lineages, with a mean heterozygosity of 1.154 103 compared with 1.09 103 in the Mandenka (Schlebusch et al. For example, population-specific recombination maps have the potential to advance the detection of genotypephenotype correlations in admixed populations and further the field of precision medicine relevant to all populations (Choudhury et al. 2020a; Lipson et al. As the ancestral homeland of our species, Africa contains elevated levels of genetic diversity and substantial population structure. Overall, this suggests multiple migration waves of Bantu speakers or that Khoe-San admixture did not occur immediately. This suggests that the benefits of adaptive EGLN1 haplotypes may extend beyond high-altitude conditions. 2017; Priehodov et al. 2022). 2019; Gouveia et al. However, none of the populations characterized by the central Khoe-San component showed significant evidence of being a mixture between northern and southern Khoe-San groups (Montinaro et al. During the Neolithization, North African populations admixed with European Neolithic groups. 2022). Note that the results of ADMIXTURE analysis are contingent on which populations are included, as well as their sample sizes. 2014; Choudhury et al. 2021). 2017). (2021). (D) Repetitive gene flow from the Middle East/Europe and sub-Saharan Africa into Northern African populations. (2017) concluded that a highly divergent haplotype of MUC7 introgressed into modern West Africans from an archaic lineage. East Africans have different fat percentages compared to Europeans, Americans, and other countries. Two major migratory routes of Bantu-speaking populations (BSPs) have been hypothesized. Some of the strongest selection pressures on African populations involve pathogens and immune response, and few diseases have impacted human genomes as much as malaria. Furthermore, 29% (44/154) of the Likely Pathogenic ClinVar variants in the data set by Fan et al. 2019; Gouveia et al. 2017), although a recent study inferred a more ancient admixture date of 1.9 kya for Bantu speakers in Cabinda, Angola (Tallman et al. However, the specific mutations conferring LP in Kenya (G-14010, rs145946881) and Sudan (G-13907, rs41525747) differ from LP mutations found in Northern Europe (T-13910, rs4988235) and the Middle East (G-13915, rs41380347) (Ranciaro et al. 2010; Patin et al. These examples underline the importance of potential archaic admixture for African genomic medicine (Pereira et al. 3. WebRT @DRXIDAGXD: Only African christians in Africa were east Africans and not west Africans last time I checked a religious map and genetic studies shows Ethiopians are nowhere 2015) and present-day Afro-Asiatic speakers (fig. 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson, et al. 2007). 2012; Triska et al. Subsequently, the Arabization introduced recent Middle Easternrelated ancestry 1.4 kya, which decreases westward on a genetic cline (Henn et al. 2017; Serra-Vidal et al. However, many more interesting admixture events are likely to have occurred along these migratory corridors. The mixing of Middle Easternrelated and Africanrelated ancestry components has been dated to 600 ya in Sudanese Arab populations (fig. What determines levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity in birds? 2019), there is evidence of modest admixture between the three Khoe-Sanrelated ancestry components. IntrogressionThe interbreeding of individuals from two or more populations that were isolated for a long evolutionary time but are not yet reproductively isolated. 2023). 2021), indicating that male-biased admixture occurred. then you got the germans and eastern europeans who also generally have very good genetics for muscle size. 2019; Bergstrm et al. A Snakemake (Mlder et al. That favors physical and athletic gene variants Increase in the population (group, tribe, clan) you are in is a factor that plays a big role in determining overall fitness. Furthermore, Y chromosomal haplogroups are genetically more diverse in nomadic pastoralists groups, whereas mtDNA haplogroups are more diverse in sedentary farmers (kov et al. Generally, it is assumed that they have either merged into or were replaced by neighboring agropastoral groups, obscuring some of the ancestral genetic variation and structure (Pagani et al. Similarly, EAHG groups, for example, the click-speaking Hadza and Sandawe in Tanzania and the Chabu in Ethiopia, are traditional foragers, who have practiced a huntergatherer lifestyle until recently or are still practicing it (Bower 1991; Prendergast 2020). East Africa is a strategic region to study human genetic diversity due to the presence of ethnically, linguistically, and geographically diverse populations. Something along the line of competition and hard labor work required for early human civilizations that created new tools, fed the population and made a culture all those things require the fitness of people. 2019). 2. 2012; Schlebusch and Jakobsson 2018; Gopalan et al. This gene flow from wBSPs into RHGs was inferred to have occurred 7 kya using models of site-frequency spectra (Hsieh, Veeramah, et al. The timing of selection for LP appears to differ in Africa as well: Strong selection for LP in Maasai herders appears to have occurred more recently than selection for LP in Europe (Schlebusch et al. Using SpaceMix analyses, Vicente, Jakobsson et al. Greater numbers of private African alleles are consistent with the out-of-Africa (OOA) model, as substantial numbers of polymorphisms were lost due to serial founder effects. of course you have other races who are not so blessed for Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)The period of time in human evolution when people initially started using stone tools, extending from 3.3 million years ago (Mya) to 12 kya. 2022) as well as mtDNA and Y haplogroups (kov et al. Cant build more muscle or Additionally, the Naro (central) showed evidence of admixture with the Ju|Hoan (northern) and another population characterized by the Central Khoe-San component (e.g., Taa or |Gui). A subsequent study using samples from wider geographic and ethnolinguistic groups showed that eBSPs, seBSPs, and southwestern BSPs (swBSPs) are genetically closest to Bantu speakers from Zambia (Choudhury et al. Wang K, Mathieson I, OConnell J, Schiffels S. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. WebDiscover short videos related to east african genetics bodybuilding on TikTok. 2019; Micheletti et al. 3. Subsequent studies of genome-wide data that included more Imazighen populations confirmed that most Arab and Imazighen populations are weakly genetically differentiated (Arauna et al. 2017). 2022). 4B). Webdownload the app: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.houseofanabolics&hl=enHouse of anabolics created by Riyaz Khan. 2020). 2019). Scan this QR code to download the app now. (2017), Scheinfeldt et al. Dietary differences have also probably contributed to the accelerated evolution of olfactory receptor and taste-perception genes in African populations (Sjstrand et al. These studies have shown that a patient's demographic medical and genetic information can be used for clinical decision-making or genetic counseling (Batai et al. We start by putting genetic variation in Africa into a global context and giving a brief overview of population structure in Africa inferred from ancient and extant genomes, focusing on huntergatherer groups and deep population structure in the continent. 2012; Skoglund et al. 2020; Micheletti et al. Code used to generate this figure can be found at GitHub: https://github.com/LachanceLab/AfricanPopulationStructure. Take care!! 2019; Wohlers et al. In contrast, the late-split hypothesis states that BSPs first migrated South through the rainforest before splitting into two groups, with one moving further South and the other one migrating East toward the Great African Lakes. (2021). In formal admixture tests (f3-analysis), the Khomani (southern component) showed significant evidence of admixture with Taa populations (central), and the Ju|Hoan (northern) showed significant signs of admixture with the !Xun (northern) and the Naro (central). Genetic studies of uniparental and autosomal markers initially suggested that BSPs are largely genetically homogenous groups of people (i.e., FST 0.02) (Coelho et al. 2016; Ongaro et al. As a consequence of the transatlantic slave trade, >12.5 million people were forcefully displaced from Africa to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, creating the largest present-day African diaspora (Eltis 2007). [1] Databases [ edit] Interestingly, the specific adaptive mutations seen in the Ethiopian Highlands differ from what has been observed in the Tibetan Plateau and the Andean Altiplano. 2017). The high proportion of Middle Easternrelated ancestry in the Rashaayda is consistent with high frequencies of Middle Eastern mtDNA haplogroups, that is, R0a2c and J1b (kov et al. This signal of Neanderthal admixture observed in African genomes is most likely not the result of direct admixture but rather the result of admixture with back-migrating Europeans. 2022). WebYang et al11 explained the similar genotype between the East African and West African individuals as the result of the effect of other genetic influences or environmental factors They also found that genetic homogeneity increases east- and southward, indicating serial founder effects and little admixture with local populations until Bantu speakers reached South Africa. East African genetics at work. 2016; Bergstrm et al. It has been suggested that low levels of sex-biased gene flow with sedentary farmers caused the Fulani to lose mtDNA diversity (kov et al. Here, we 2020; Matjuda et al. 2009). Each of these historical vignettes paints a recurring picture of population divergence followed by secondary contact. 2020; Diallo et al. 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson, et al. 2020). There Are Some Resones Of Why east african Have Good genetics For bodybuilding. 2018). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 3B). Kulbila has the stats of a retro bodybuilder from the time of Frank Zane who was 59 and 185lbs in contest condition himself. 2021). No amount of political correctness can obscure the reality that East Africans have a distinct, genetically-endowed body type and physiology. This selection has largely occurred during the Holocene, making it a relatively recent phenomenon from an evolutionary perspective. 2011; Pennarun et al. 2011; Ndadza et al. 2. 2017; Shriner and Rotimi 2018a; Novkov et al. 1. 2017; Swart et al. In contrast, there was a significant Eurasian paternal contribution (71.4%) defined by haplogroups R/I/G/N/O/J in the same group, and the Western European R1b haplogroup was prevalent at 44.4%. The SAC population represents >49% of the estimated 7 million inhabitants in this province, with the vast majority being historically Afrikaans speakers (a unique South African language ancestrally linked to Dutch), although this is more recently changing (Patterson et al. Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Anye SNC, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Goswami N. Pereira L, Mutesa L, Tindana P, Ramsay M. Schlebusch CM, Sjdin P, Skoglund P, Jakobsson M. Swart Y, Uren C, van Helden PD, Hoal EG, Mller M. Swart Y, van Eeden G, Sparks A, Uren C, Mller M. Tallman S, Sungo M das D, Saranga S, Beleza S. Vicente M, Jakobsson M, Ebbesen P, Schlebusch CM. 2017 and Lipson et al. 2020). 2. I truly appreciate people like you! 2022). The Kx`a-speaking Ju|Hoan and !Xun and the Khoekhoe-speaking Hai||om are representative of the North Khoe-San ancestry component, the Khoekhoe-speaking Nama and Tuu-speaking Khomani and Karretije are representative of the South Khoe-San ancestry component, and all remaining Khoe-San population are representative of the central Khoe-San ancestry component (Montinaro et al. A study done with east african genetics for bodybuilding shows that when they were sedentary for one month they grew an average of 11% in muscle mass. 5. 2020; Fan et al. 2017; Hey et al. The inbuilt genetic that favors physical/athletic gene variants. 2010; Republic of South Africa 2021). Thus, the higher genetic diversity and lower LD in African populations reflect historically larger Ne. Altogether, if the current underrepresentation of marginalized groups in genomic research is not corrected, existing inequities are likely to be exacerbated. It will then be important to understand the biomedical implications of this yet undiscovered genetic variation and population structure in Africa, to reduce health inequities between populations of African and European ancestry as genetics finds its way into clinical applications. 2012; Lachance et al. I also have the top 3 combat genes someone posted on here . 2016; Bergstrm et al. Lorente-Galdos et al. 2021). 2014; Swart et al. 2014; Choudhury et al. Mystery DNA like 95% of the genes and genomes for humans comes from Africa, and why did it happen. Overall, these findings demonstrate that recent admixture involved sex-biased gene flow. 2020) (fig. 2011), although models involving eastern Africa and/or multiple geographic regions are also debated (Henn et al. Instead, we focus on representative examples of major migratory and admixture events. 2022). Increasing sample sizes, as well as the number of sampled BSPs and additional ancient genomes, may allow for clarifying the exact migratory route, dating major events, and revealing further fine-scale population structure among BSPs. 2020; Pereira et al. 2017; DAtanasio et al. This displayed an SNP minor allelic effect while correcting for local ancestry for Bantu-speaking African ancestry (Swart et al. Today, only a few traditional huntergatherer groups remain that live in small communities. Overall, these examples underline the importance of surveying of genetic variation and population structure in Africa for clinical applications. Using this knowledge, we have envisaged a system wherein all the members in your family have access to a genetic profile built especially to mention what their predisposition towards fitness is so they may tread the right path while at it and do away with the notion that if your parents are fat, youll be fat too. It has been hypothesized that the Arab expansion might also have introduced some sub-Saharanrelated ancestry through the slave trade (Newman 1995), which is supported by sub-Saharan ancestry in North African populations that could be traced to an admixture event 1.2 kya with a West African population (Henn et al. Neolithization, Arabization, and sub-Saharan gene flow led to the dilution of this Maghrebi component in North African populations (fig. 2020). Finally, we note that natural selection on immune-related genes has also extended across the African diaspora. A textbook example of dietary adaptation and convergent evolution involves lactase persistence, and studies of African pastoralists have identified adaptive regulatory variants near the LCT and MCM6 genes (Segurel and Bon 2017). For instance, ancient huntergatherers genomes from Malawi (8,1002,500 BP) and Tanzania (1,400 BP) exhibited two-third and one-third San-related ancestry, respectively, suggesting that the San previously occupied a larger geographic area extending into eastern Africa (Skoglund et al. In eastern Africa, two admixture events 1.51 kya and 400150 years ago have been inferred between wBSPs (75% contribution) and an Afro-Asiaticspeaking population from Ethiopia (10%) (Patin et al. The Western Cape, at the southernmost part of South Africa, harbors one of the most diverse admixed populations, namely, the South African Coloured (SAC) population, which is the largest ethnic group in this region and has its origins slightly >350 ya (de Wit et al. 2019; Fortes-Lima et al. It has been argued that this gene flow must have occurred within the last 10 ky after the prehistoric lake Makgadikgadi dried up (Barbieri et al. 2009; Schlebusch et al. Furthermore, consistent with the west-to-east clines observed in uniparental markers, the autochthonous Maghrebi component decreases eastward (Henn et al. (2019), and Fortes-Lima et al. 2021; Tallman et al. The ability to break down starchy foods also appears to have been a target of selection. WebThe genetic history of Egypt reflects its geographical location at the crossroads of several major biocultural areas: North Africa, the Sahara, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.A 2017 DNA study found that Ancient Egyptians had a genetic profile similar to that of modern Egyptians and had a high affinity with the population of the Cannot lose weight? 2021). Explore the latest Khoe-San show the deepest split times, followed by RHG groups (e.g., Mbuti) and other extant populations. They also practice a lot of weight lifting. In western Africa, wBSPs asymmetrically mixed with resident RHG groups, with RHG groups receiving higher amounts of gene flow from wBSPs (Jarvis et al. 2014) suggested differentiation between Khoe-San populations living north and south of the Kalahari Desert, an area that was dominated by lake Makgadikgadi during prehistoric times (i.e., > 10 kya) (Goudie 2003). Depending on subsistence strategy, different distributions of uniparental markers have been observed in the Sahel. The official Team3DAlpha Reddit. 2020). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (, A long-standing hybrid population between Pacific and Atlantic herring in a subarctic fjord of Norway, The impact of modern admixture on archaic human ancestry in human populations, Horizontal transposon transfer and their ecological drivers: the case of flower-breeding Drosophila. Using ArchIE, they identified a set of possibly adaptively introgressed genes that are at high frequencies in West Africans (99.9th percentile of putatively introgressed allele frequencies): NF1, MTFR2, HSD17B2, KCN1P4, and TRPS1 (Durvasula and Sankararaman 2020). However, the choice of reference populations for multiway admixed populations may be sensitive and critical in biomedical research (Chimusa et al. 2019). 2017; Vicente, Jakobsson et al. (2022) recently found that a structured model with two stems, that is, two weakly differentiated Homo populations connected by gene flow over evolutionary time, can also explain the observed signals of archaic ghost introgression in Africa.
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