Because cholinergic depletion is associated with impaired memory and reduced cognitive performance, and acetylcholine reduction in particular is associated with Alzheimer's disease, there is potential importance in the ability of apple juice to maintain levels of this neurotransmitter. (42). Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats, Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Chemopreventive properties of apple procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Polyphenolic apple juice extracts and their major constituents reduce oxidative damage in human colon cell lines, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels, Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells, Apple polyphenols affect protein kinase C activity and the onset of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells, Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, Colonic availability of apple polyphenols: a study in ileostomy subjects, Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts, Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague Dawley rat, Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-B activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation, Effect of apple extracts on NF-{kappa}B activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity, Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2008 statistics update at a glance, Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study, Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen Elderly Study, Effects of apple consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in elderly subjects, Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma, Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes, The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids, Efficiency of apples, strawberries, and tomatoes for reduction of oxidative stress in pigs as a model for humans, Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects, Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from Reddened Cv. Many recent studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of AP on critical processes in the etiology of disease at the metabolic and cellular level. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Whereas it has been argued that the low bioavailability of most flavonoids results in plasma concentrations that are well below the levels needed to exert antioxidant effects (41), others attribute the antioxidant capacity of fruit, including AP, to the flavonoid content, particularly the high procyanidin levels. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. The chemical composition of apples and cider. I. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. Apple also decreased the presence of ROS generated by hydrogen peroxide exposure in lymphocytes isolated from each participant at 3 and 6 h after the apple test meal. Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 0.5%. A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients that are thought to be associated with improved bone health (vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin K) in addition to producing alkaline metabolites that might improve bone health by reducing calcium excretion (72). The most effective compounds on all antioxidative parameters included quercetin and phloretin. List of Chemicals Dangerous Chemicals in Everyday Products 2. James Kennedy. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. pandamonium. The effect of AP on cell proliferation has been the focus of many recent studies. Many investigators have taken great care to control for confounding variables known to affect lung health, but it is likely that unknown dietary and lifestyle factors have important effects. 42. Favorable effects on antioxidant enzymes in liver including SOD, GSHPx, and general markers of oxidation (hepatic TBARS) were significantly reduced by 4752%. Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). Abstract Suberized cell walls formed as barriers at The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. AP might be protective because of their antioxidant potential and phytochemical content. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. Fresh apple intake (26/wk) tended to be protective but was not significant for a dose-response relationship. (11) in Germany used apple extracts fermented in vitro with human fecal flora to examine effects of the fermentation products on cultured HT29 and LT97 cells (the latter, a colon adenoma cell line representing early premalignant tumor development). In this study, we propose a novel method that utilizes hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to non-destructively monitor ApMV-infected apple leaves and predict LCC as a quantitative indicator of disease . An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components, Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of new and old apple varieties, Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources in U.S. adults, Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet, Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study, Apple polyphenols and products formed in the gut differently inhibit survival of human cell lines derived from colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma (HT29), Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. Several investigations have used cultured colonic cells, both healthy and cancer-derived cells lines, representing various developmental stages, to examine the in vitro effects of AP on cancer-related processes. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. Only a few studies have examined AP but preliminary observations suggest that AP may have a positive impact on markers related to bone health. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. 1 (4). An indirect outcome of inflammation (splenomegaly) was also reduced in the groups taking the phloridzin. There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. Therefore, the main objective of this current study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional II. Overproduction and/or overexposure to oxidants in the body can result in an imbalance leading to cellular damage. Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). CardboardChampion 3 yr. ago. Early work suggested a potential association between AP intake and reduced risk of coronary artery disease, lung cancer, asthma, and diabetes. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Carotenoid extracts from apple peel were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro medium (76). Elevated lipids and aberrations in lipid metabolism are well-established risk factors for many types of cardiovascular disease. Pigs were fed a prooxidant diet, high in PUFA (linseed oil) with or without concurrent fresh apples for 22 d and then tested for several markers of oxidative damage. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. After 12 wk, it was found that both apples and apple juice significantly reduced total cholesterol (11 and 24%, respectively) and lowered the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL (25 and 38%). VDOMDHTMLtml> What is the chemical composition for apple? Apples and AP 3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Inflammatory markers and insulin resistance were not affected by any dietary components. Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. Individual phytochemicals, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, were all effective, with some reconstituted mixtures being more effective than the original, in terms of antioxidant capacity and reducing DNA damage (43). All extracts significantly reduced oxidative damage and effectively reduced the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced ROS. Shea et al. In a follow-up to the above study to examine mechanisms, it was found that apple procyanidins have a dual effect of downregulating polyamine biosynthesis concurrent with stimulating the catabolism or breakdown of these compounds (22). Interestingly, prolonged exposure to AP resulted in even greater antioxidant capacity for some compounds, suggesting that metabolic products formed over a period of time may have differing antioxidant capacities than the parent phytochemicals and, in some cases, improved potential. Collectively, these studies indicate that a relatively modest intake of apple is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and associated mortality. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. However, there are provocative data suggesting that mechanisms beyond antioxidant effects are important, including suppression of neurotoxic mediators in Alzheimer's disease. A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. Lichtenthaler et al. I. New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. Pre- and poststudy values were compared to assess antioxidant activity in the participants' erythrocytes and plasma. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. Apple feeding significantly reduced the concentration of the oxidative marker MDA in urine to levels lower than those in healthy control animals. All of the isolated compounds, including newly characterized triterpenes, had antioxidant activity at various levels. Ongoing research is providing more detailed data on specific components and/or combinations of components in AP that might be protective. Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). Significant risk reduction was observed in cancer at several sites (percent reduction in parentheses), including oral cavity and pharynx (18%), esophagus (22%), colorectal (30%), larynx (41%), breast (24%), ovary (24%), and prostate (7%). Fresh apples contain about 15% total carbohydrate. Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. Intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with improvement in bone mineral density and other bone markers in epidemiologic studies (73). Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. If it's edible then it's chemicals. (17) used a well-established rat model of chemically induced colonic damage (using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine) to examine alterations associated with colon cancer and to test the effects of AP. A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. There has been a growing appreciation and understanding of the link between fruit and vegetable consumption and improved health. A comparison of the lowest quintile of intake (average 43 g/d) compared to the highest 2 quintiles (93.5 and 164.9 g/d, respectively) showed a significant inverse association between combined apple and pear intake and lung cancer in all participants and current smokers. However, detailed analysis of the nutrient content and antioxidant properties of the seeds and pulp has not yet been reported. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. (48) studied the potential of 2 doses of procyanidin-rich apple polyphenol extract to attenuate disruptions in lipid membranes and lipid metabolism resulting from exposure to dietary cholesterol oxidation products. Other authors have described cell signaling and molecular mechanisms that respond to AP exposure. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. Dietary antioxidants are of interest, because they add to the endogenous potential of the body to scavenge ROS and nitrogen-free radicals and directly counteract lipid peroxidation reactions. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. Another study of AP was conducted in ovariectomized rats subjected to inflammation as a physiologic model of the postmenopausal state in humans (74). A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). - Quora Answer (1 of 3): alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin Something went wrong. Several ranking studies have been completed and the pros and cons of chemical methods used to assess in vitro antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables have been debated and will not be reviewed here. Blanching of apple puree, on the other hand, increased apple juice turbidity by increasing the amount of . The available data show preliminary but intriguing potential of AP to modulate some of these processes in animal models. Individual compounds isolated from the apple extracts were not effective in altering any of the markers in this study, suggesting that the composite mixtures of components in the extracts were more important in mediating the observed effects than individual compounds, likely due to interaction/synergy between the different components. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). More than 4000 flavonoids have been identified and all share a common carbon skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). Further investigation of the in vivo effects of AP as well as other sources of antioxidants relative to antioxidant status is relevant and warranted. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. [12] Daily administration of the apple extract (~272 mg of phenolics/100 g of apples) for 24 wk resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number and onset of mammary tumors compared to control rats. There are ongoing attempts to elucidate other bioactive compounds, beyond flavonoids, that might account for the observed effects of AP on cancer risk.
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chemical composition of an apple list