endophytic squamous proliferation

In a series of 108 cases, it was concluded that a background of maturing keratinocytes and sparing of the follicular epithelium could distinguish bowenoid papulosis from basaloid HSIL.53 Another morphometric analysis showed significantly larger and more irregular nuclei in basaloid HSIL compared to bowenoid papulosis.64 In practice, however, the histopathologic differences are often subtle, and definitive diagnosis relies heavily on stringent clinical correlation: Presence of multiple small pigmented papules in a young adult, as opposed to a solitary, slowly progressive plaque or erythematous patch in an older patient, would support a diagnosis of bowenoid papulosis over basaloid HSIL.53,60, High-risk HPV in bowenoid papulosis can be detected by in situ hybridization or PCR-DNA sequencing.6567 Expression of both p16 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immunohistochemistry is associated with high-risk HPV infection and has been demonstrated in bowenoid papulosis.67 Diffuse p16 expression is especially helpful in differentiating occasional cases of bowenoid papulosis with more orderly maturation, subtle cytologic atypia, and koilocyte-like cells from condyloma acuminatum (Figure 6, B).18. Woo SB, Lin D. Morsicatio mucosae orisa chronic oral frictional keratosis, not a leukoplakia. A, This lesion shows flat acanthosis with full-thickness basaloid atypia. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. This cancer is classified into three subtypes (superficial, exophytic, and endophytic) based on macroscopic appearance. The incidence of MT in leukoplakia exhibiting HkNR was 4.9%, compared to 15.3% for ED. Google Scholar. An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for [31], There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. This endophytic type has [51], A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as "myco-diesel". [11] Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. ", "Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria", "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly", "Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte", "Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization", "University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses", "The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)", "Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072", "Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H", "Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi", "Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp", "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls", "Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms", "Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum", "Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin", "Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range", "Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes", "Do grasses fight back? Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. 1995;24(5):198200. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. Epub 2016 Jun 14. 2020;14(1):15665. [20] Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of auxin to where the endophyte is. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. T. andreanae produces paclitaxel, also known as taxol. On the other hand, bulky squamous epithelial proliferation that expands the epithelial thickness at least three-fold is concerning for developing ED. Bowenoid papulosis is another HPV-associated disease affecting the squamous epithelium. [65], Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. Endophytes can extensively colonize plant tissues and competitively exclude other potential pathogens. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Oral Oncol. J Cutan Pathol. [73], There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). Vulvar seborrheic keratosis: is there a relationship to human papillomavirus? Class 1 endophytes are all phylogenetically related and proliferate within cool and warm season grasses. J Oral Pathol Med. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. Google Scholar. B, Large spinous keratinocytes contain abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and bland nuclei. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a plasmid called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the Burkholderia genus known as G4 which can break down trichloroethylene (TCE) was transferred to endophytes of popular trees; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. The clinical and pathologic features of all discussed entities are summarized in the Table. These features should prompt a closer inspection for xanthomatous (foam) cells, which are confined to the dermal papillae (Figure 9, C). B, Koilocytosis and cytologic atypia are readily appreciated in this warty squamous cell carcinoma. When verrucous carcinoma forms on your feet, they manage it as a skin cancer. The working group then selected 43 single slide biopsy cases for whole slide digital imaging (WSI) review by members of the consensus conference. Black and brown: non-neoplastic pigmentation of the oral mucosa. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. [59] The alkaloid beauvericin has been isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and has shown cytotoxicity against the tumor cells PC3, PANC-1, and A549. WebIn this image, you can also see endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and cell wall. van der Waal I. These viral cytopathic changes serve as an important diagnostic hallmark (Figure 1, B).9 Binucleated or multinucleated forms may be present. A, A warty squamous cell carcinoma shows an irregular verruciform architecture with conspicuous fibrovascular cores. Google Scholar. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Mitotic activity is low and is confined to the lower third of the epithelium. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (oral lichen simplex chronicus): a distinct clinicopathologic entity. B, Many of the papillae have pointed tips surmounted by church spire parakeratosis. Capella DL, Gonalves JM, Abrantes AAA, Grando LJ, Daniel FI. Search for other works by this author on: Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts, Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010, Early impact of Ontario's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on anogenital warts (AGWs): a population-based assessment, Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis, Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China, Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients, Coexistence of condylomata acuminata with warty squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in condylomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma of the penis using laser capture microdissection (LCM)-PCR: a study of 191 lesions in 43 patients, Correlation of histology and human papillomavirus DNA detection in condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like vulvar lesions, Seborrheic keratoses from the genital region may contain human papillomavirus DNA, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in seborrheic keratosis by polymerase chain reaction, Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis, Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions: a linear array genotyping test study. Woo SB, Grammer RL, Lerman MA. 1995;80(2):18891. FOIA WebSQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA In-situ - the second most common type of skin cancer caused from sun exposure, warts, or areas of old wounds. The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Clin Exp Dermatol. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. Endophyte - Wikipedia Montague LJ, Bhattacharyya I, Islam MN, Cohen DM, Fitzpatrick SG. Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials. Head Neck Pathol. 2019;13(1):1624. A case of multiple epidermolytic acanthoma of the scrotum: is the human papillomavirus a culprit? [3], Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). The 14 remaining tumors had more prominent cytologic atypia and remained classified as SCC. B, Koilocytes containing enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules are found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Cheng YS, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S. Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. [42] Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. These features impart a firm and rigid appearance at low magnification, which contrasts with the soft appearance of giant condyloma acuminatum. Keratoacanthoma, committed stem cells and neoplastic aberrant infundibulogenesis integral to formulating a conceptual model for an infundibulocystic pathway to squamous cell carcinoma. The scrotum, groin, and pubis may also be affected.2123 The tumor grows exophytically and endophytically, and the exophytic excrescences are often described as cauliflower-like. Fistula formation between papillae is common. Behura SS, Masthan MK, Narayanasamy AB. CAS J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. Would you like email updates of new search results? Reproducibility of grading systems in oral epithelial dysplasia. Histologic lichenoid features in oral dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. 2015;9(7):Zc17-22. [24] However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of Oral epithelial dysplasia and premalignancy. Biopsy shows an endophytic squamous cell proliferation extending to the deep margin. Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia of the oral cavityapplication of standardized criteria for diagnosis from a consensus report. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. When verrucous carcinoma forms in your mouth, healthcare providers manage the condition as an oral cancer. Epub 2011 Feb 22. 2004;40(4):4403. Feller L, Wood NH, Raubenheimer EJ. Its giant variant (giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke-Lwenstein) is discussed separately in the next section. Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. volume15,pages 572587 (2021)Cite this article. Part of Springer Nature. A systematic review. 2012 May;103(4):308-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.09.004. Cerero-Lapiedra R, Balade-Martinez D, Moreno-Lopez LA, Esparza-Gomez G, Bagan JV. Woo SB. Careers. [19], There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. Unlike lesions infected with high-risk HPV, which are diffusely and strongly positive for p16, condylomas display negative, focal, or patchy staining (Figure 1, D).17,18 When necessary, testing for low-risk HPV (types 6 and 11) by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry may also aid in diagnosis.19, Giant condyloma acuminatum is a large, fungating, and locally destructive form of condyloma acuminatum. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. Fibrovascular cores are thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population. [71] Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as rock phosphate and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants. Both condyloma acuminatum and VV are caused by low-risk HPV. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Keratoacanthoma and infundibulocystic squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. [72] Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. 2019;13(4):5739. Rosebush MS, Briody AN, Cordell KG. While the basaloid subtype rarely mimics condyloma acuminatum, it shares overlapping features with the warty-basaloid subtype, which has a condyloma-like, verruciform silhouette (Figure 4, C).37 The epithelium is basaloid due to a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromasia (Figure 4, C; inset). Verrucous Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Treatment, Symptoms The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments. Microscopically, the lesion showed proliferation of the well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, forming endophytic complex branching networks interconnected with multiple deep keratin-filled clefts and crypts. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. 2008 Apr;30(2):127-34. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161310c. 2016;17(9):4491. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team. : A clinicopathologic comparison of 2,153 lesions. Geetha KM, Leeky M, Narayan TV, Sadhana S, Saleha J. Grading of oral epithelial dysplasia: points to ponder. Compared to condyloma acuminatum, the fibrovascular cores in papillary SCC are more irregular, and the tumor base is ragged (owing to stromal invasion) as opposed to round.37,51 It also differs from condyloma acuminatum and warty/warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms by the absence of koilocytes (Figure 5, B). 8600 Rockville Pike 2017;30(s1):S5467. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. [42] Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. The eruption was This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. [20] The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Indole diterpenes, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae. Inter-observer variability in the diagnosis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: clinical implications for oral and maxillofacial surgeon understanding: a collaborative pilot study. EXPLANATIONS TO PATIENTS OF COMMON PATH The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Squamous proliferations on the legs of women: A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. [10] Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to senesce, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte. B, The lesion is diffusely positive for p16 (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 200 [A, inset]; original magnification 100 [B]). 1999;28(6):2747. 2019;215(12):152670. Unlike epidermolytic ichthyosis, which is caused by germline mutation in KRT1 or KRT10, somatic mutations in these genes have not been found in epidermolytic acanthomas.85,86 Interestingly, however, reduced expression of cytokeratin (CK) 1 and CK10 has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.85,87 While the exact cause of epidermolytic acanthoma remains unclear, it has been hypothesized that repetitive trauma (scratching) or other stimuli may trigger local disruption of CK1 and CK10 protein synthesis and formation of epidermolytic acanthoma.85, Verruciform xanthoma is a benign proliferation most commonly occurring in the oral cavity. Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. Template:Squamous-cell like skin proliferations - Patholines The digital images were then reviewed in two surveys separated by a washout period of at least 90 days. [59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Most common forms of treatment include LN2, ED/C, topical creams, Excision, and Mohs 2. The use of fungicides has a negative effect on endophytic fungi and fertilizers reduce a plant's dependence on its endophytic symbiont. Background: Endophytic Fungus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: unusual locations of oral squamous cell carcinomas, and field cancerization as shown by the appearance of multiple OSCCs. Fitzpatrick SG, Honda KS, Sattar A, Hirsch SA. PubMed Indian J Dent Res. [24] Specifically, H. frisingense was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. When necessary, diagnosis of VV can be confirmed by HPV genotyping. However, this view has been challenged by the frequent detection of HPV in giant condylomas but rarely in verrucous carcinomas.24,25 As in ordinary condyloma acuminatum, giant condylomas usually harbor HPV 6 and 11.24 Recurrence rate is high,21 and malignant transformation to invasive SCC has been reported in more than 50% of cases, most commonly in HIV-positive patients.20,21 Not surprisingly, coinfection with high-risk HPV has been demonstrated in carcinoma ex giant condyloma acuminatum.26, The microscopic features of giant condyloma acuminatum are similar to those of its ordinary counterpart except for its large size and more florid excrescences. Histologic distinction between condyloma acuminatum and various benign and malignant condyloma-like lesions in the anogenital area poses a common diagnostic challenge to pathologists across subspecialties. Krishnan L, Karpagaselvi K, Kumarswamy J, et al. Head Neck. WebFollow-up ranged from 15 to 73 months. Oral Oncol. Note the convergence of elongated rete ridges at the base. Saraswathi TR, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, et al. Subject: Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). 2008;58(1):1517. Methods: The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. Epub 2011 Dec 15. Reverse maturation and stromal invasion, when present, should raise concern for malignant transformation.21,27 Immunohistochemical profile, including negative, focal, or patchy staining for p16, is the same as described in ordinary condyloma acuminatum.24, Verrucous carcinoma is a unique variant of well-differentiated SCC. ( A) Skin punch biopsy of the erythrodermic reaction. Endophytic Fungus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Statistical analysis of inter-rater agreement was provided by Sijia Yue, MS at the University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions Department of Biostatistics. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria. Surgery. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. [55], Two strains of the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest polyurethane plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in anaerobic conditions, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree. Papillomatous and endophytic squamous proliferation is present with keratin plug, parakeratin, and mild pleomorphism of keratinocytes extending to the base of the biopsy (a). The proliferation barely protrudes above the surface Full size image Hyperkeratotic or papillomatous variant is characterized by prominence of papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis, and horn pseudocysts with some acanthosis (Fig. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. J Periodontol. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: Angulated tumor nests infiltrate the underlying stroma. Giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma used to be considered synonymous, but accumulating evidence supports that these are distinct entities with different pathogenetic pathways. J Cutan Pathol. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Figure 4Warty and warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. For example, plant chemical signals have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes. A, Portion of a large, mostly exophytic, and papillomatous lesion with a cauliflower-like silhouette. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features and etiopathogenesis of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, with an emphasis on their morphologic similarities and unique characteristics that help in their distinction. There are occasional dyskeratotic cells, while koilocytes are absent (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 400 [B]). Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. J Int Acad Periodontol. Before Almazyad A, Li CC, Woo SB. The constellation of marked hyperkeratosis, spiky papillae, and convergence of elongated rete ridges allows for distinction of VV from condyloma acuminatum.

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