what is a limitation of scientific management quizlet

B. customers, competitors, supplicants, regulations, and advocacy groups Management, Do not sell or share my personal information. They include the following: Taylor designed his approach for use in places where the work could be quantified, systemized, and standardized, such as in factories. b. too high. B. There was little or no incentive to work harder than the next man (or woman). -managers are career employees of the organization, -published book about Administration Principles in 1916 Digital Taylorismis based on maximizing efficiency by standardizing the tools and techniques for completing each task involved with a given job. B. branded Controlling may be the most important management function. The scientific method consists of three steps: observation, experimentation, and analysis. In scientific management, there is one right way to do a task; workers were not encouraged (in fact, they were forbidden) to make decisions or evaluate actions that might produce a better result. The Scientific Management theory or concept is about the progress of science to substitute the approximation principal or hypothesis of the awareness and education of workers. Planning can delay or prevent action. \text{Variable factory overhead controllable variancefavorable}&{210}\\ C. entrepreneur, controller, and negotiator, A. resource allocator, disturbance handler, and negotiator, 1. did not share benefits of increased Like Taylor, the Gilbreths were interested in worker productivity, specifically how movement and motion affected efficiency. Scientific management is a revolutionary step in the management of industries. \text{Discount Rate}&5.75\%\quad5.50\%&5.75\%\quad5.50\%\quad\\ Better attention to Johnson & Johnson's ________ might have saved the company from litigation and penalties. C. set stretch goals for each employee so they'll be motivated to grow, A. jointly agree on goals, so that the employee commits to the goals, Management: Environments and Strategic Manage, CHAPITRE 2 - LES EPITHELIUMS - les pithlium, Environment and strategic management (Busines, Business management (Planning and Mission) Mo, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Chapter 14: Personality and Job Performance, ACCT5250 Advanced Auditing Cumulative Final R. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). \end{array} -financial incentives weren't necessarily the most important for motivating workers, Cooperation and Acceptance of Authority: Chester Barnard (1886-1961), extent to which people willingly cooperate in an organization depends on how workers perceive executive authority and whether they're willing to accept it, -acceptance of managerial authority is automatic Prepare an income statement for presentation to management. Impersonality 10.3 & 11.1 & 9.6 & 9.0 & 14.5 & 13.0 & 6.7 & 11.0 & 8.4 & 10.3 \\ Can standardise- e.g. 5 duties of management, Wrote Cheaper by the dozen. C. Social network management, 1. Heartily cooperate with the men to ensure all the work is done in accordance with the science that has been developed. Example 5 assumed that the life expectancy between 200020002000 and 210021002100 would increase by the same absolute amount as it did between 190019001900 and 200020002000. The five components of industry environment are Select and lead the best workers through clear instructions and orders. Taylors emphasis was on profitability and productivity; the Gilbreths were also focused on worker welfare and motivation. Gun ownership, part 2. Work happened as it always hadthose with the skills did the work in the way they thought best (usually the way it had always been done). Taylor's four principals of Scientific Management includes which of the following? 1. Exploitative Devices: Prior to the early 1900s, there was no management theory as we think of it today. A motivation for scientific management,which uses time and motion studies and work standardization is to: Scientific management engendered workers fears that all but an elite few would soon be out of work.The humanistic approach focused on, The effects of group dynamics on efficiency and productivity, Mary Parker Follett has been called the "mother of modern management".Her ideas anticipated employment relationships that are more common today than in the 1920's.She focused on the, informal and lateral process within an organization, Mayo theorized that management worker at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant were motivated more by, social dynamics than by economic or encirclement factors, Walmart developed it;s supply chain and inventory management to be very efficient and set the standards for other companies. Gantt wanted to establish a standard (average) time for a piece of work or task. \\ As a result, dissatisfaction and jealousy arose among them. As its name implies, this management theory uses scientific methods to assess work processes. Companies strive to provide a product or service that is distinct, or ________, in some way from their competitors. all branches of shop around world produce exactly same product, Extreme specialisation leads to boredom & low morale \textbf{(amounts in millions of US\$)}\\ B. value proposition Exploitation of Workers Taylor's Scientific Management put unnecessary pressures on the employees to perform the work faster. \end{array} There were no consequences to the volunteers in switching projects and no control over the quality of work. There is no preferential treatment or favoritism. Each objective is linked to a specific report, and she has reports of those measures from the past three years. FundedStatusofTreadawaysU.S.PensionandHealthCarePlans(amountsinmillionsofUS$)(Problem31), U.S.PensionPlansHealthCarePlans2013201220132012BenefitObligation,January1$5,407$5,191$2,629$3,218ServiceCost103562523InterestCost295294135149PlanAmendments1111ActuarialLoss(Gain)(120)174(110)(532)ParticipantContributions10112619BenefitsPaid(409)(334)(255)(260)Other20152712BenefitObligation,December31$5,417$5,407$2,478$2,629FairValueofPlanAssets,January1$3,404$3,046$$ActualReturnonAssets4782617EmployerContributions5674201233241BenefitsPaid10112619Other(409)(334)(255)(260)FairValueofPlanAssets,December$4,050$3,404$4$NetFundedAsset(Liability)$(1,367)$(2,003)$(2,474)$(2,629)Recognizedin:CurrentLiabilities$(19)$(736)$(231)$(254)NoncurrentAssets(1,348)underline(1,267)underline(2,243)underline(2,375)NetAsset(Liability)Recognized$(1,367)$(2,003)$(2,474)$(2,629))RecognizedinShareholdersEquity:PriorServiceCost(Credit)$366$314$299$339NetActuarialLoss$1,252$1,646$221$340ActuarialAssumptions:DiscountRate5.75%5.50%5.75%5.50%ExpectedReturnonAssets8.50%8.50%RateofCompensationIncrease4.04%4.04%InitialHealthCareCostTrendRate11.20%11.50%UltimateHealthCareCostTrendRate5.00%5.00%NumberofYearstoUltimateTrendRate8years8years\begin{array}{lcccc} A robust competitive analysis will allow you to focus on those companies that will compete for customers B. a core competency What is scientific management? This insight is part of These are aspects of his rule called Equity C. recording all administrative decisions in writing, A. optimizing the work process and training employees to follow it, 1. 1. was not increased. 2. Many companies are organized along functional lines. In these companies, accountants report to a senior accountant; salespeople report to an executive of sales. He is probably best known for two key contributions to classical management theory: the Gantt chart and the task and bonus system. The Gilbreths both belonged to the classical school of management, which emphasized increasing Abstract. Prior to Taylor, managers were owners or appointed by the owners with no role beyond oversight. This is an example of: An effective organizational structure for an internet company such as Google would not be the same for a manufacture company such as General Motors. Over-emphasis on economic needs: Taylor focused only on physical and economic needs of workers. How to land a job with personal branding in 5 steps, Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell), Global Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Debrief, Six things to remember while writing feedback 2020. harmonious relationship between the - only one unscheduled Rules are applied uniformly to everyone. Ability to control: -employee abilities, Early advocate of Quality Control \quad\text{Prior Service Cost (Credit)}&\$ 366\quad\$ 314&\$ 299\quad\$ 339\quad\\ *Taylorized jobs:* Walmart developed its supply chain and inventory management to be very efficient and set the standard for other companies. C. Planners rarely know what they are doing. what is a limitation of scientific management quizlet. productions are pre-established and lead to less -no one gets special treatment, -workers promoted based on performance The Gilbreth's research provided many important principles that were later incorporated into U.S. management methods do not work well in France. 2. 12. C. Gantt chart, 1. It identifies which tasks are dependent upon a prior task or element and which are independent and can be completed at any time. Wrote: The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911, Gantt Chart: visually indicates what tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project, -Results-based compensation a performance incentive, -authority and responsibility well defined, -written guidelines describing expected behavior, -rules and procedures are impartially and uniformly applied Less production time: $a. However, she has no marketing goal or patient referral projections for the future. Taylor and the Gilbreths belonged to the classical school of management, which emphasized increasing worker productivity by scientific analysis. Workers specialize in a few tasks to become more proficient. Assume we choose three adults at random from this sample. Four months later, Marta used her inheritance to buy Chelene's house without having it inspected. 3. Introduction: Scientific management is a philosophy or method that is based on research and inquiry and analysis and aims to produce the maximum amount with the help of minimum materials. For site,Organization,command,coordinate, control. 8. Imagine that you want to paint a room. The individual terminal tasks might include calculating the square footage of the room, preparing the walls, choosing the paint, purchasing the paint, putting down the drop cloth, taping the windows, applying the paint, and final cleanup. A. strategic partnerships, research and development \text{Prior Service Cost}&59\quad63\quad71\quad&41\quad43\quad45\quad\\ for the manager to have control over employees. Scientific management has at its heart four core principles that also apply to organizations today. \text{Direct labor rate variancefavorable}&{1,120}\\ For example, ideas about God and other supernatural beings can never be confirmed or denied, as no experiment exists that could test their presence. A. generic product B. setting too many goals and objectives \text{Expected Return on Assets}&8.50\%\quad8.50\%&\quad\quad\\ The criticism of this type of management approach is similar to that of Taylors original theory: It reduces worker creativity; it requires management to monitor all aspects of employee behavior; and it is unforgiving to workers who dont meet the standard. The Gilbreth's research provided many important principles that were later incorporated into, quality assurance and quality control programs, One graphic representation of the tasks required over the course of a project is called a. Taylor's Four Principles of Scientific Management included which of the following? Workers were able to eliminate movements in product assembly, making labor more efficient. -analyzed and documented the practices of successful managers, 1. -lowest level needs are necessary for survival Anti-social :- It is anti-social because workers are treated as glorified economic tools only. First, it entails structuring an organization into a hierarchy. The appointment of eight action heroes in advertising management has in many cases created a conflicting attitude among the workers. Two more pioneers in the field of management theory were Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, who conducted research about the same time as Taylor. Knowledge-based work can't be observed and broken down for efficiencies like manual labor. C. Tasks and responsibilities are shared within teams. &\textbf{2013}\quad\textbf{2012}\quad\textbf{2011}&\textbf{2013}\quad\textbf{2012}\quad\textbf{2011}\\ functional bosses and lessens the interest and As a result, many principles of this system have been considered against science. Summarize the work of Frederick W. Taylor. \end{array} \quad\text{Current Liabilities}&\$ (19)\quad\$ (736)&\$ (231)\quad\$ (254)\quad\\ C. fixed salaries, 1. A. require employees to choose their own work and train themselves d. not able to be evaluated from the data given. B. that the people in the organization support the strategy 1. Google has a flatter organization chart than most large companies. The fundamental change Taylor introduced to address issues associated with industrial production was: Taylor and Gantt were the management consultants of their day. Scientific management is a revolutionary step in the management of industries. The previous results show the results of a poll that asked about gun ownership. The advertisements for the Apple MacBook show an edge-on image of a MacBook with the caption "MacBook: Light. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). Choose the letter of the term that best completes each sentence. Gantt differentiated between a terminal element that must be completed as part of a larger task. Control - make sure things happen according to plan, take necessary corrective action, 1. With a background in mechanical engineering, he applied engineering principles to workplace productivity on the factory floor. C. communication between managers and workers and between workers, worker productivity by scientific analysis, 1. --are consistent with organization's purpose a) What is the probability that all three respond "Yes"? Explain. Human resource management Due to the need to have completely controlled experiments to test a hypothesis, science can not prove everything. The workers on the floor controlled the work process and generally worked only hard enough to make sure they would not be fired. LIMITATIONS 1. The Hawthorne studies began as the type of experiment recommended by Scientific Management. A. optimizing the work process and training employees to follow it Taylor first developed the idea of breaking down each job into component parts and timing each part to determine the most efficient method of working. Developed by Frederick Taylor 1911, it is a way to maximize individual efficiency by breaking down each task into very standardized movements. Goal Taylor then set a piece rate for tons of steel loaded that would work out to $1.68 per day for a top worker, significantly more than the existing fixed rate of $1.15 per day. -described human needs and how we try to satisfy them payment is monitored based in piecework. productivity and so economic welfare of workers The file Tax contains the quarterly sales tax receipts (in thousands)submittedtothecomptrolleroftheVillageofFairLakefortheperiodendingMarch2013byall50businessestablishmentsinthatlocale:thousands) submitted to the comptroller of the Village of Fair Lake for the period ending March 2013 by all 50 business establishments in that locale:thousands)submittedtothecomptrolleroftheVillageofFairLakefortheperiodendingMarch2013byall50businessestablishmentsinthatlocale: 10.311.19.69.014.513.06.711.08.410.38.011.27.35.312.58.011.88.710.69.511.110.211.19.99.811.615.112.56.57.510.012.99.210.012.812.59.310.412.710.59.311.510.711.67.810.57.610.18.98.6\begin{array}{rrrrrrrrrr} 1. C. in your market, 1. 2. An unbroken chain of command extends from the top to the bottom of the organization. b. Another severe objection raised against the Scientific -can actually be carried out by those people, Self-fulfilling Prophecies: Theory X Managers, -Douglas McGregor \text{Benefits Paid}&(409)\quad(334)&(255)\quad(260)\quad\\ 13. Henry Gantt (18611919) was also an associate of Taylor. \text{Sales}&{868,000}\\ \text{Interest Cost}&295\quad294&135\quad149\quad\\ B. Heartily cooperate with the men to ensure all the work is done in accordance with the science that has been developed. How many units should Emma include in her company's period-end inventory? -organizations are open systems that interact with their environments Exploitative Devices: Management did not share benefits of increased productivity and so economic welfare of workers was not increased. MANAGEMENT, LIMITATIONS Rules and regulations are documented to ensure reliable and predictable behavior. Verify whether things are going according to plan and make corrections where needed. production delays. C. impersonality, 1. Nevertheless, one year after the purchase, the basement started leaking. 3. As Nelson points out, the figure of 40 percent seems to have been completely arbitrary. 4. A. plans, which can direct everyone's actions toward desired outcomes environment: The concept that work could be studied and the work process improved did not formally exist before the ideas of Frederick Winslow Taylor. 3. A. corporate values 9.3 & 11.5 & 10.7 & 11.6 & 7.8 & 10.5 & 7.6 & 10.1 & 8.9 & 8.6 The food truck industry would benefit if there were ________, such as required and restricted licenses. \text{Net Funded Asset (Liability)}&\underline{\underline{\$(1,367)}}\quad\underline{\underline{\$(2,003)}}&\underline{\underline{\$(2,474)}}\quad\underline{\underline{\$(2,629)}}\quad\\ A Dictionary of Business and Management . Scientific daily which led to monotony. -use classical directive "command and control" style, Self-fulfilling Prophecies: Theory Y Managers, -believe employees are willing to work, capable of self control and self direction, responsible and creative Workers were made to repeat the same operations 1. &\textbf{U.S. Pension Plans}&\textbf{Health Care Plans}\\ B. barriers to entry and new entry threats, buyers' negotiating power Homestead Crafts, a distributor of handmade gifts, operates out of owner Emma Finn's house. Researchers were trying to find the optimal working conditions. "Packers"- work on assembly line- hourly targets, achievements measured This first step in her planning cycle is called akin to the Circle of Life in Disney's movie The Lion King, Google has indexed the World Wide Web to make sure information is available quickly in a form that people can apply. If the worker couldnt work to the target, then the person shouldnt be working at all. These limitations can appear due to constraints on methodology or research design. But this leads to excesses like dumping pollutants that damage the community. C. vision, 1. Initiative They believed that by reducing the amount of motions associated with a particular task, they could also increase the workers well-being. A. differentiated Unity of direction A. environmental Taylor and Gantt were the management consultants of their day. \text{Benefit Obligation, December 31}&\underline{\underline{\$5,417}}\quad\underline{\underline{\$ 5,407}}&\underline{\underline{\$ 2,478}}\quad\underline{\underline{\$ 2,629}}\quad\\ You may decide as you read more about Taylor that by todays criteria he was not the workers friend. However, Taylor must be given credit for creating the concept of an organization being run as a business or in a businesslike manner, meaning efficiently and productively. The Gantt chart is a tool that provides a visual (graphic) representation of what occurs over the course of a project. Workers have to work under the direction of the foreman or supervisor. -environmental uncertainty Customers can justekst\underline{\phantom{\text{justekst}}}justekst necessities from a convenience store for a higher price. \quad\text{Net Actuarial Loss}&\$1,252\quad\$ 1,646&\$ 221\quad\$ 340\quad\\ d) Describe why you think that assumption is reasonable. Did she have a duty to disclose this defect to Marta? Post author: Post published: June 10, 2022 Post category: extinction rebellion suisse Post comments: british gas smart meter pairing pin british gas smart meter pairing pin The idea of a clear division of roles and goals is historical, when management was centralized and rigidly steered (i.e., Taylorism); Marshall, however, criticized centralization and rigid. Clearly, the scientific method is a powerful tool, but it does have its limitations. The following data were taken from the records of Griggs Company for December 2014: Administrativeexpenses$100,800Costofgoodssold(atstandard)550,000Directmaterialspricevarianceunfavorable1,680Directmaterialsquantityvariancefavorable560Directlaborratevariancefavorable1,120Directlabortimevarianceunfavorable490Variablefactoryoverheadcontrollablevariancefavorable210Fixedfactoryoverheadvolumevarianceunfavorable3,080Interestexpense2,940Sales868,000Sellingexpenses125,000\begin{array}{lrr} Now assume that Chelene knew that the basement walls were cracked and bowed and that she had hired someone to install paneling before she offered to sell the house. completely ignoring the social and ego needs of people. customers, competitors, suppliers, regulations, and advocacy groups, C. customers, competitors, suppliers, regulations, and advocacy groups, 1. -contingency thinking believes that there is no one best way to manage productivity and provide high wages for As stated above, the Gilbreths used films to analyze worker activity. Planning activities provide an opportunity for input from the departments and people affected. Autocratic Control: \hline In 1909, Taylor published The Principles of Scientific Management. - lack of work motivation due to under-utilised mental capacity -have both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both, -lead by Elton Mayo (Harvard) Today, an updated version of his original theory is used by such companies as FedEx and Amazon. &\textbf{U.S. Pension Plans}&\textbf{Health Care Plans}\\ Reprimands issued for failure to meet this limits, Principles of Management - Environment and St, Chapter 9 (Fire Officer) - Evaluation and Dis, ElementsofTreadawaysU.S.PensionandHealthCareExpense, FundedStatusofTreadawaysU.S.PensionandHealthCarePlans, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology. Before the Industrial Revolution, most businesses were small operations, averaging three or four people. Scientific management puts the focus on efficiency and productivity. Managers must depend on formal organizational rules in employee relations. A manager should discuss the corporate goals with his employees and then Their proposals are bound to initiate a process of self-analysis and re-appraisal of the current methodical . 1. concentrated on physical and financial needs Foresight - complete a plan of action for the future B. senior management process without any middle management involvement The operations regarding The house was built in the 195019501950 s, and Chelene said it was in "perfect condition." Managers should select the most appropriate person for the job, train them to do the job efficiently, and monitor their . B. Here --queuing theory: reducing labor costs without sacrificing customer service, Closed Systems: can function without interacting with their environments B. organizational theory Workers were concerned the increased efficiency would mean less work and less pay. Max Weber believed that management should be separate from ownership and managers should be protected from arbitrary dismissal. Integrative Conflict Resolution The Gantt chart has multiple benefits for project management: Lets apply the Gantt chart principles to a simple project. -use behavioral "participative" style, -Abraham Maslow SCIENTIFIC The key principles were: Managers should take full responsibility for the planning of work and should use scientific methods to specify precisely how the job should be done to achieve the maximum efficiency. A. diverse, new This is Google's He concluded that the "wall failure" had existed "for at least thirty years" and that the basement walls were "structurally unsound." \text{Expected Return on Assets}&(295)\quad(258)\quad(234)\quad&\quad\quad\quad\\ Tasks are clearly defined and employees become skilled by specializing in doing one thing. Janis died before the papers were signed, however. present selected information from the notes to the financial statements of Treadaway, Inc., a tire manufacturing company, regarding its U.S. pension and health care retirement plans. management theory. These limitations are based on the fact that a hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable and that experiments and observations be repeatable. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. The theory stimulates the management to adopt a McDonald's, famous for low prices and fast food delivery. \text{Fair Value of Plan Assets, January 1}&\$3,404\quad\$ 3,046&\$ \quad\$ \quad\\ You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The control process is also described as: 1. B. Henry Ford Better Pay system: -Deficit Principle: satisfied needs don't motivate behavior, -managers use quantitative analysis and tools to solve complex problems -rediscovered by U.S. industry in the early 1980's NetincomePurchaseofproperty,plant,andequipmentBorrowingsunderlineofcredit(bank)ProceedsfromissuanceofstockCashreceivedfromcustomers$4,1358711,4171129,164Paymentstoreducelong-termdebtSaleofinvestmentsProceedsfromsaleofpropertyandequipmentDividendspaidInterestpaid461346,59427790. \text{Selling expenses}&{125,000}\\ Depersonalised work: The workers were doing the same kind of work everyday, which led to monotony. 11. Carefully articulated universal methods & systems, Principle that there is one best way to organise work, according to a science of management based upon principles of standardisation of time & routinisation of motion as decided by authoritative experts, Legacy of Taylorism- philosophy of management, Scientific approach to decision making: based on proven fact rather than on tradition, guesswork or personal opinion, Legacy of Taylorism- scientific design of every aspect of every task, Legacy of Taylorism- scientifically selecting & training employees, Legacy of Taylorism- Managers & workers must specialise, Each worker has high degree of specialisation This is part of the ________ role of managers. Management is separate from ownership, and managers are career employees. Limitations of Scientific Management: ADVERTISEMENTS: Despite important developments in the scientific management theory, critics offer the following arguments against the theory: 1. A. that the control systems support the strategy When customers perceive the product differentiation as valuable, they will prefer to purchase the business's product over a competitor's products. B. make manual labor run more efficiently --forecasting sales or expenses: mathematical forecasting A. Humanistic Kelly has experience and knows there is only one way to run her businessfull steam ahead! A. considering alternatives *Functional Foremen* Using the appropriate tax tables or tax rate schedules, determine the amount of tax liability in each of the following instances: A single person with taxable income of $297,784. The link was not copied. workers requires more money. \text{Plan Amendments}&111\quad&1\quad\quad\\ One graphic representation of the tasks required over the course of a project is called Another___________ factor is the country in which the company operates.U.S management methods do not work well in France. C. setting an attainable goal, A. measuring the past and not planning for future growth, 1. 2. \quad\text{Noncurrent Assets}&\underline{(1,348)}\quad\\underline{(1,267)}&\\underline{(2,243)}\quad\\underline{(2,375)}\quad\\ 6. The workers ought to obey Look at each job or task scientifically to determine the one best way to perform the job. \text{Interest expense}&{2,940}\\ Gantt proposed to mitigate this concern with *"one best way"*- guided by principles inscribed on laminated cards We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. \end{array} \text{Cost of goods sold (at standard)}&{550,000}\\ Employees become specialists in their field as they C. commodity, 1. Discipline A. Henri Fayol Frederick Taylor (18561915) is called the Father of Scientific Management. Suppose instead that life expectancy between 200020002000 and 210021002100 increases by the same percentage as it did between 190019001900 and 200020002000. This resulted in exploitation of the employees. Principles from the ________ school of management were originally designed to prevent favoritism and incompetence. A. Planning Mary Parker Follett has been called the "mother of modern management." Also known as the progressive rate system, this plan was preferred by workers who were willing to work harder for additional wages. scientific management A. once-a-year process B. political, essential, social, technological, ecological, and legal Gantt proposed to mitigate this concern with, A local art gallery was run by volunteers. B. scheduling chart \text{Initial Health Care Cost Trend Rate}&\quad&11.20\%\quad11.50\%\quad\\ The scientific management movement produced revolutionary ideas for the timeideas such as employee training and implementing standardized best practices to improve productivity. The union opposes the allegation that it undermines the unity of workers in scientific management.

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