But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. (=> see also the discussions Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. the migration of a small group of settlers carrying among whom one paternal lineage was much more common than any others. [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. L2a is widespread in Africa and the most common and . [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. [25], Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for sickle cell originated in the Sahara[26] or in the northwest forest region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon)[26][27] by at least 7,300 years ago,[26][27] though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 482490. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. why EPF2431 is rare - eupedia.com Analysis of diversity and rough estimates of times to the most recent common ancestors of haplogroups provide evidence of multiple expansions along eastern and western routes and a late, exclusively eastern route, expansion. The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. Decker et al (2013) reported that Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine, which could imply that cattle were not just domesticated in West Asia, but also independently in North Africa. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. If that is the case, E-M78 or E-M123 could have come to southern Europe through North African cattle herders during the Neolithic, although this hypothesis remains purely conjectural. In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. Hamitic origin of Haplogroup E | Forum - ProBoards What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. [12], E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. This includes some E1b1b subclades like V22 (12,000 years old) and V32 (10,000 years old), but also undeniably Near Eastern lineages like T1a-CTS2214 and J1-L136. The remains of the great Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio (1571-1610) were excavated to confirm the circumstances of his mysterious death at the age of 38. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? Haplogroup E-M2 - Wikipedia Nowadays E-M81 is the dominant paternal lineage among Northwest Africans, and particularly Tuaregs, Mountain Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans. Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A Phylogeographical View Profile View Forum Posts Advisor Join Date 18-11-09 Location . It is believed to have first appeared in the Horn of Africa approximately 26,000 years ago and dispersed to North Africa and the Near East during the late Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbe, also known as Skanderbeg (1405-1468), was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. The Scottish Clan Colquhoun/Calhoun from Dunbartonshire belongs to the clade E-V13 > BY3880 > Y16729 > Y16721 > Y16733 according to the Calhoun Surname Project. Mutation rates at Y chromosome specific microsatellites. PDF The genetic history of the Israelite nation Although the battery of the NRY markers typed in UEP kits gives a relatively crude resolution of NRY haplogroups, the typing of four UEP markers within E1b1a considerably increases the resolution of NRY types associated with EBSP.32. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. [25] Ajana was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1I. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. [9] Brucato et al. [25] Lisa was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-Z6020 and H100. Previously collected buccal-swab DNA samples from ethnic groups across sub-Saharan Africa were extracted by the standard phenol-chloroform method. These data are consistent with multiple expansion events southwards from West Africa. [12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Hammer MF : A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). 2018). EgyptSearch Forums: Ramses iii was not E1b1a? Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. A single carrier was found in Mali. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. He is Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29: E88. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? Abingdon: Garland Science, 2004. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Considering the Y haplogroup composition in our Dominican sample, we can note that the clades frequently observed in the Sahel are usually rare or absent. You should learn them by the mutations because the letters change, the mutations don't. E1b1a used to be E3a, but always was E-M2. Hum Genet 2005; 117: 366375. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. Because the Bantu languages on the eastern route are more homogeneous than those on the western route,11 it is reasonable to speculate that later expansions occurred mainly on the eastern route. The second would be the ancient Greeks, who heavily colonized southern Italy from the 9th century BCE until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BCE. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). Approximately 20% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup E1b1b. The Moors also conquered Sicily. They would have brought typically Germanic lineages like I1 and R1b-U106, but also the Proto-Slavic R1a-CTS1211, which is now found uniformly in 1 to 2% of the population. Haplogroup E-V38 - Wikipedia Recently, Alves et al33 analysing a battery of 14 DIPSTRs (ie, deletion/insertion polymorphisms tightly linked to STRs) in 19 Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola concluded that it is becoming increasingly difficult to accept models, suggesting an early split between eastern and western Bantu-speaking populations, whereas Montano et al34 analysing NRY UEPs and STRs in groups from Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Congo concluded that the evolutionary scenario is more complex than previously thought. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. One of them was E-M34 (notably Levantine clades like Y15558 and Z21421), which makes up about 15% of modern Lebanese Y-DNA, but was probably higher before the Greek, Roman, Arabic, Byzantine, medieval crusader and Ottoman occupations altered the local gene pool. This suggests that E1b1b may indeed have appeared in East Africa, then expanded north until the Levant. His haplotype, although not confirmed by SNP testing yet, is predicted as E-V13. The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Visual representation of the distribution of E1b1a component Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. Nature 1998; 394: 138140. DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. To obtain The range and mean of sample sizes of the 43 groups are 25118 and 63, respectively. Science 2009; 324: 10351044. Sample sizes are indicated within the pie charts. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of - Nature The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). Sectors in pie charts are coloured according to the haplogroup colour code to the left. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 975979. Google Scholar. The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. CAS [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. Nowadays, the FGC18412 (aka Y5412) clade is the main variety of M123 found in Europe. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. These are the mutations, "M", or mutation 2 = M2. E-M2 is approximately 7.77.9% of total US male population. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002; 793799. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR et al. Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C et al. The Dorians from Central Europe followed from c. 1200 BCE. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. Last update February 2023 (famous members). Both could have brought different subclades of E-V13, and a founder effect or the phenomenon of elite dominance among the ruling invaders might have caused a fast growth of E-V13 lineage in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece. The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 30005000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. Interestingly, de Filippo et al31 recently reported differences in the frequencies of haplogroups E1b1a and E1b1a7 between Bantu and Non-Bantu Niger-Congo speakers. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175.
e1b1a in the levant